Entenda o que causa instabilidade no armazenamento e saiba como manter o equilíbrio com mercadorias da sua empresa
De forma simples, um estoque se configura como produtos que serão vendidos e estão armazenados em uma empresa. Saber elaborar e ter o controle da mercadoria auxilia o empreendedor a evitar excessos, faltas e até desvios dos produtos.
De acordo com o administrador e especialista em logística, Rudienir Fialho Appio*, o primeiro passo a ser dado para se ter um controle eficiente é entender a necessidade da existência de um estoque, que é definida pela divergência entre oferta e demanda. “Dependendo de cada negócio, o que se chama de flutuação da demanda pode ser maior ou menor. No caso de uma loja ou comércio, a tendência a ter uma demanda mais uniforme e sem sazonalidade – qualquer produto ou serviço sujeito à flutuação de demanda -”, afirma.
Flutuação de demanda
Rudienir explica que isso ocorre quando o empresário não consegue interagir ou determinar, por meio de suas ações de marketing e propaganda, diretamente na questão do cliente que entrará no seu estabelecimento. “Um setor de saúde, por exemplo, tem uma tendência a ter uma flutuação de demanda maior porque está direcionado a alguns problemas da sociedade, como uma epidemia de dengue. A partir do momento que há um período de chuvas, aumenta o caso das doenças”. Ou seja, a variação sucede em alguns negócios nos quais o cliente consegue influenciar, por meio de ações em redes sociais, uma flutuação muito grande. “Essa ações não são positivas, pois não há como ter domínio sobre isso”, pontua.
Quando se fala em estoque, as grandes falhas são, principalmente, a falta de atenção. Perdas por prazo de validade, furto, roubo, ou caixa com excesso de mercadoria acaba afetando a saúde da empresa. O especialista acrescenta que outros segmentos podem ter uma sazonalidade por período influenciado por épocas festivas ou de chuvas em determinadas regiões, o que pode alterar o perfil de consumo das pessoas. Ele aponta que o empreendedor deve estar atento, pois isso pode resultar no que é chamado de cobertura de estoque, que se configura como o excesso, ou ruptura de estoque – quando o cliente quer o produto, porém falta mercadoria para atendê-lo -.
Os controles do estoque financeiro e físico devem estar atrelados. Por exemplo, um empreendedor que vende 10 mil itens por mês, mas tem um estoque de quase 20 mil destes itens. Ou seja, mercadoria suficiente para manter dois meses de venda daquele determinado produto.
Sugestões de softwares
Sobre as tecnologias que auxiliam os gestores, o administrador informa que toda empresa, seja qual for o tamanho, precisa do ERP Gestor Financeiro, sistema de gestão que lança o cadastro dos produtos, aponta a entrada de nota fiscal no estoque, cuida do armazenamento, da saída e distribuição.
Um sistema mais evoluído é o Sistema de Gerenciamento de Armazém (WMS, na sigla em inglês). O especialista fala que ele trabalha em conjunto com o ERP para fazer a gestão da área de armazenagem, além de facilitar a localização dos itens e definir um mapeamento por ruas e endereços. “O WMS é indicado para empresas com volume maior de estoque para atender a flutuação de demanda em períodos sazonais”, aponta.
Cuidados
Se não for dada a devida atenção, o empresário pode estar sujeito a furtos, podendo sofrer um forte prejuízo. “As estatística no varejo brasileiro apontam que a cada 10 furtos, nove são feitos por funcionários e um por cliente. Isso porque o operário conhece todas as vulnerabilidades da empresa, onde estão os problemas na área de recebimento, distribuição dos produtos, fiscalizações de lojas e entregas”, alerta Rudienir. Ele afirma que o gestor deve controlar o estoque regularmente, usar a contagem e fazer o balanço de forma periódica. Isso o ajudará a identificar se há furtos ou erros de processos que são suscetíveis a falhas ou erro de entrada de nota fiscal. “Tudo que pode acarretar em divergência no estoque pode ser evitado”, relata.
*Rudienir Fialho Appio é consultor do Serviço de Apoio às Micro e Pequenas Empresas do Estado do Ceará (Sebrae/CE)
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